Research Articles
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Abstract
Rollin Yinglin Yu, Clarus Ka-Wing Leung and York N. Hsiang*
Objective: To investigate whether Farabloc used as a bottom bed sheet fabric decreases the number of moderate to severe hot flashes in postmenopausal women.
Methods: A prospective, randomized, crossover, double-blind study was conducted on postmenopausal women. After a two-week washout period, participants slept on either Farabloc or placebo fabric for two weeks in a randomized order. After another two-week washout period, participants were crossed over and slept on the opposite fabric for 2 weeks. The primary outcome was the number of hot flashes of moderate to severe rating as perceived by the participants.
Results: From February 2014 through June 2015, 33 women were enrolled; 8 failed to complete the study. The average number of moderate to severe hot flashes experienced by the 25 participants during the 2 weeks on placebo was 36.8 ± 16.5, compared with 29.8 ± 18.3 on Farabloc (P=0.008). The mean overall reduction in moderate to severe hot flashes between placebo and Farabloc use during the 2 weeks was -7.04 ± 12.2. Various participant characteristics including age, duration and perceived severity had no correlation with the effect of Farabloc on hot flashes. There were no reported side effects from Farabloc use.
Conclusion: The use of Farabloc fabric at night significantly reduced the frequency of hot flashes in postmenopausal women, suggesting that Farabloc may be considered as a safe alternative non-medicinal treatment option or adjunct for the alleviation of hot flashes. -
Abstract
The goal of our study was to determine the efficacy of Farabloc, an electromagnetic shielding fabric compared to placebo fabric when worn as a nightgown, as an analgesic in patients hospitalized with fibromyalgia. In a rheumatologic and rehabilitation hospital, we performed a phase 1, single-blind study of patients using Farabloc (F) or placebo (P) gowns for 8 h per night during the 20-day hospitalization and a phase 2, single-blind crossover study of patients using both F and P gowns randomly and alternatively switching after 10 of 21 days hospitalization (phase 1: 42 F, mean age 49.02 years, 35 female, 7 male; 84 P, mean age 48.08 years, 72 female, 12 males; phase 2: 25 F/P, P/F, or P/P, mean age 44.0 years, 24 female, 1 male). The study involved randomly selected and blinded use of hospital gown 8 h per night of either F or P fabric. The main outcome measures were changes from admission or midpoint to discharge in quantity of pain (QN), quality of pain (QL), and paracetamol use (PU). In phase 1, all three variables significantly favored F over P when using paired t test, two sample t test, Mann-Whitney, and analysis of covariance tests. QN was reduced (F = -2.03 -/+ 0.99*, P = 0.59 -/+ 0.71). QL was reduced (F = -10.64 -/+ 5.69*, P = -2.54 -/+ 3.40). PU was reduced (F = 10.69 -/+ 6.68*, P = 26.12 -/+ 9.37). In phase 2, comparing midpoint to discharge levels in the three variables again favored P/F over F/P and P/P (>0.001): QN (P/F +16.00 -/+ 8.35* F/P -13.27 -/+ 11.40), QL (P/F +8.71 -/+ 4.75* F/P -6.55 -/+ 5.59), and PU (F -9.29 -/+ 4.39* P -18.00 -/+ 5.27) (*p = <0.001). Patients with fibromyalgia had less pain after sleeping in a gown made of Farabloc than with a placebo fabric. This suggests that Farabloc, an electromagnetic shielding fabric, has analgesic properties in fibromyalgia. Reduced pain observation is consistent with previous studies in phantom limb pain and delayed onset muscle pain. Limitations of this study include single blind design, small sample size, and in phase 2, a lack of washout period and a F/F group.Efficacy of Farabloc as an analgesic in primary fibromyalgia
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Numerous studies have shown that geomagnetic activity (GMA) contributes to the development and escalation of cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as increased morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and approaches for understanding GMA remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of GMA on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) rat models were created under various geomagnetic field conditions. The range of cardiac function, markers of myocardial injury, inflammatory factors, and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were measured after the 24-h period. The findings showed that weak GMA significantly improved cardiac function in the MI/RI rat model and reduced the size of myocardial infarction and creatine kinase (CK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Additionally, weak GMA enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Furthermore, weak GMA significantly reduced the levels of the myocardial inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Conversely, the effects observed under severe GMA conditions were opposite to those observed under weak GMA. Western blot and qPCR analysis demonstrated that weak GMA led to a significant downregulation of TLR4, TRAF6, NF-κB, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the MI/RI rat models. In contrast to weak GMA, severe GMA increased TLR4, TRAF6, NF-κB, and TNF-α expression. This study suggested that weak GMA had a limiting effect on MI/RI rat models, whereas severe GMA exacerbated injury in MI/RI rats. These effects were associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and might potentially involve the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Geomagnetic activity affects animal myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury...
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Combining the Absence of Electromagnetic Fields and Mirror Therapy to Improve Outcomes for Persons with Lower-Limb Vascular Amputation.
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Man's Best Friend - Farabloc in use by amputated dogs. Human research benefiting Tripawds and their chronic pain.
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Faiz Ihsane, Sciences and Technology Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, IBN ZOHR University, Taroudannt, Morocco
El Kadmiri Nadia, Sciences and Technology Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, IBN ZOHR University, Taroudannt, Morocco, Medical Genetics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
Abstract:
Mobile phones (MP) have become one of the most used devices for communication. Historically, enough proof has ruled out the substantial short-term effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) emitted by MP on the human brain and its cognitive performance. The aim of this mini-review is to examine the different effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by MP on the human brain. We base our arguments on analyzing recent neuroimaging and electroencephalography studies that will elaborate on the effects of the human brain's exposure to the EMF’MP. Several studies indicated an increase in cortical excitability and/or efficiency related to EMF exposure, while other experiments proved that no changes or variations have been found after EMF exposure. Based on a study done in 2020, the exposure to EMF emitted by MP has no abnormal discharges during the real MPR exposure. In contrast, an increase in events number in real exposure has been found.
Recommended Citation:
Ihsane, Faiz and Nadia, El Kadmiri (2020) "Effect of Electromagnetic Waves of Mobile Phone on Human Brain," Health Sciences: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at:https://doi.org/10.15342/hs.2020.265
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2022 Edition
Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (2022): Government of Canada website Foreword: The Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (Canadian Table) assigns the electromagnetic spectrum and establishes the frequency allocations available for radio services in Canada.The Canadian Table is based on the provisions of the Final Acts resulting from the various World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC), including the 2019 WRC, convened by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).The Canadian Table and the associated general information will, from time to time, need to be revised. Such revisions occur when changes to the ITU Table of Frequency Allocations (ITU Table) are made as a result of World Radiocommunication Conferences or particular Canadian radio service requirements. The Canadian Table reflects international changes while taking into account Canadian requirements to ensure that government, commercial and private users have full flexibility to develop new radio applications and systems.The Canadian Table is intended to respond to Canadian domestic spectrum requirements, and consequently reflects Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada’s (ISED) spectrum allocation and utilization policies developed through public consultation. It should be noted, therefore, that the Canadian Table differs, where necessary, from the ITU Table.Canadian radio systems and spectrum utilization policies set the necessary elements for the use of frequency bands and/or radio services. Spectrum policies have traditionally designated the use of a radio service to certain applications in a particular frequency band, or bands. The spectrum designations are intended to accommodate diverse applications and users. Examples include designating the use of a mobile radio application for public safety applications or designating a fixed allocation to point-to-multipoint systems.In some cases the use of a band, or the use of a service in a band, is withheld pending the development of a spectrum utilization policy. In cases where no spectrum utilization policy provisions exist in a given band, and there is no footnote withholding use, spectrum access may be available on a case-by-case basis.Spectrum utilization policies developed in recent years have given more attention to defining the relationship between co-primary services in the same band. In some cases however, spectrum utilization policy provisions exist for one service but not another co-primary service allocated in a given band. This is particularly true where the implementation of the co-primary service is infrequent. In this case, coordination and authorization of systems within the service are generally handled on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the use designations for the other service.Information on the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations and its interpretation with respect to various spectrum utilization policies issued by ISED can best be obtained by contacting:
Innovation, Science and Economic Development CanadaEngineering, Planning and Standards Branch235
Queen St. Ottawa ON, K1A 0H5
CanadaEmail: spectrumengineering-genieduspectre@ised-isde.gc.ca
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Item descriptionFree Keynote Lecture sponsored by the EMF Conference 2019.Erica Mallery-Blythe MD is a UK Trained Medical Doctor, Founder of PHIRE (Physicians’ Health Initiative for Radiation and Environment), Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust, Medical Advisor of the Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Medical Advisor at ES-UK, and Head of UK Non-Ionising Radiation and EHS Research Team. Dr. Mallery-Blythe is a Lecturer on Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields / EHS for medical, scientific schools, policy makers. Her clinical background is in Emergency Medicine and Trauma as specialist area of training and in Advanced Trauma and Life Support Instructor and Instructor Educator.
Diagnosis, Treatment and Reversal of Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity by...
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Wireless technologies, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and children: Identifying and reducing health risks
Science on Health Risks of Cell Towers, 5G Exposure, Small Cell Densification and New Wireless Networks. -
Mobile Phone Use During Pregnancy: Which Association With Fetal Growth? Boileau,N., et al. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction 49(8):101852. AbstractIntroduction: Few studies have investigated the effect of electromagnetic waves on the human fetus whereas nowadays mobile phone use is ubiquitous. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between mobile phone use by pregnant women and fetal development during pregnancy in the general population.
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Scientists in California believe that internal compasses might have enabled our ancestors to navigate as some animals do today
Robin McKie, Sat 6 Apr 2019 15.00 BST
Last modified on Tue 16 Apr 2019 15.40 BST
Fruit flies do it. Tiny northern wheatears do it. Even salmon in the seas do it. All navigate using Earth’s magnetic field.
In fact, hundreds of animals migrate this way, some over long distances. But one species has always been excluded from this electromagnetic orienteering club: Homo sapiens. Men and women show no evidence of possessing internal compasses, researchers have insisted.
But now this view is being challenged. In a paper in the journal eNeuro, scientists at the California Institute of Technology report evidence that men and women’s brains respond to changes in magnetic fields and these alternations could allow them to differentiate north from south and navigate without compasses.
“We have found proof that humans possess a definitive sixth sense – magnetism,” said project leader Professor Joseph Kirschvink. “This sensory modality is real. It could explain why some people have better senses of direction than others, for example. It might even be possible one day to restore our ancestral ability to use magnetic fields to navigate.” -
A new experiment reveals signs our brains may respond to changes in Earth’s magnetic field, but it’s unclear whether it impacts behavior
Jason Daley - Correspondent, March 20, 2019
There's a pretty long catalogue of animals that appear to possess magnetoreception, or the ability to detect Earth's magnetic fields, including pigeons, dogs, trout, bees, turtles and salamanders. But researchers have never been able to determine if humans have this hidden superpower as well, despite decades of attempts. A provocative new study, published in the journal eNeuro suggests our brains may indeed detect magnetic fields—at least in some people, though it’s not possible to say if it affects human behavior in any way. (Despite some claims of human's having a newly discovered magnetic "superpower," we are not cousins of the Marvel villain Magneto all of a sudden.)
Currently, scientists are still trying to figure out just how magnetoreception works in animals. Eric Hand at Science reports that most of what we know about magnetic sense comes from behavioral studies of animals, which change the way they orient themselves or navigate if the magnetic field is manipulated. (Dogs will orient themselves along the north-south axis of Earth's magnetic field when they poop.) Finding out just how that magnetic field sense works on a biological level has been more of a challenge.
There are currently two major hypotheses. One involves cryptochromes, specialized proteins in the retina, that somehow communicate magnetic information to the brain. The other hypothesis is that microscopic particles of the mineral magnetite sit in certain receptor cells in the ear or behind the nose and work as biological compasses. -
Abstract
Magnetic field (MF) non-ionizing radiation is widespread and everyone is exposed to some degree. This prospective cohort study of 913 pregnant women examined the association between high MF exposure and miscarriage risk. Cox (proportional hazards) regression was used to examine the association. After controlling for multiple other factors, women who were exposed to higher MF levels had 2.72 times the risk of miscarriage (hazard ratio = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.42–5.19) than those with lower MF exposure. The increased risk of miscarriage associated with high MF was consistently observed regardless of the sources of high MF. The association was much stronger if MF was measured on a typical day of participants’ pregnancies. The finding also demonstrated that accurate measurement of MF exposure is vital for examining MF health effects. This study provides fresh evidence, directly from a human population, that MF non-ionizing radiation could have adverse biological impacts on human health. -
Mother’s Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Before and During Pregnancy is Associatedwith Risk of Speech Problems in Offspring. Zarei, S., et al. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering 9(1):61-68. (2019). Abstract/Background: Rapid advances in technology, especially in the field of telecommunication, have led to extraordinary levels of mothers' exposures to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) prior to or during pregnancy.Objective: The main goal of this study was to answer this question whether exposure of women to common sources of RF-EMFs either prior to or during pregnancy is related to speech problems in the offspring.
Mother's Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Before and During Pregnancy...
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Abstract Objective: Studies on the effect of prenatal exposure to magnetic field (MF) on fetal growth is inconclusive and subject to some methodological limitations, particularly in measurement of MF exposure. The present study aimed to examine the association between maternal extremely low frequency MF (ELF-MF) exposure during pregnancy and fetal growth in offspring.
Methods: A total of 128 pregnant women were recruited at their 3rd trimester and asked to wear an EMDEX Lite meter for 24 h to capture daily ELF-MF exposure. Time-weighted average (TWA), P50, and P75 of personal 24-h measurements were used to evaluate prenatal ELF-MF exposure. The medians of these measurements were used as cut-off points of high and low prenatal ELF-MF exposure. Fetal growth was measured by infant's birth weight, skinfold thickness of triceps, abdomen, and back, and circumference of head, upper arm, and abdomen. These measures were conducted within 24-h after birth. Generalized Linear Model was used to examine the association between maternal ELF-MF level and fetal growth indices after potential confounders were adjusted for.
Results: Compared with girls with lower prenatal ELF-MF exposure, girls with higher exposure had a lower birth weight, thinner skinfold of triceps, abdomen and back, and smaller circumference of head, upper arm and abdomen in all three ELF-MF matrices. The differences were statistically significant for birth weight and most other growth measurements (P < 0.05). These measures had no significant difference between higher and lower prenatal ELF-MF exposure in boys except back skinfold thickness.
Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to higher ELF-MF levels was associated with decreased fetal growth in girls, but not in boys.Prenatal exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field and its impact on fetal growth
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Abstract
Results from studies evaluating potential effects of prenatal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields from cell phones on birth outcomes have been inconsistent. Using data on 55,507 pregnant women and their children from Denmark (1996-2002), the Netherlands (2003-2004), Spain (2003-2008), and South Korea (2006-2011), we explored whether maternal cell-phone use was associated with pregnancy duration and fetal growth. On the basis of self-reported number of cell-phone calls per day, exposure was grouped as none, low (referent), intermediate, or high. We examined pregnancy duration (gestational age at birth, preterm/postterm birth), fetal growth (birth weight ratio, small/large size for gestational age), and birth weight variables (birth weight, low/high birth weight) and meta-analyzed cohort-specific estimates. The intermediate exposure group had a higher risk of giving birth at a lower gestational age (hazard ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.07), and exposure-response relationships were found for shorter pregnancy duration (P < 0.001) and preterm birth (P = 0.003). We observed no association with fetal growth or birth weight. Maternal cell-phone use during pregnancy may be associated with shorter pregnancy duration and increased risk of preterm birth, but these results should be interpreted with caution, since they may reflect stress during pregnancy or other residual confounding rather than a direct effect of cell-phone exposure.
Keywords: birth outcomes; cell phones; exposure; preterm birth; radio-frequency electromagnetic fields.
© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.Associations of Maternal Cell-Phone Use During Pregnancy With Pregnancy Duration and Fetal Growth...
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The effects of radiofrequency radiation on mice fetus weight, length and tissues Iraj Alimohammadi a, Azadeh Ashtarinezhad a, Baharak Mohamadzadeh Asl b, Batol Masruri a, Nargess Moghadasi a,n a Department of Occupational Health, School of public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
a r t i c l e i n f o:
Article history: Received 9 June 2018, Received in revised form 13 June 2018, Accepted 27 June 2018, Available online 30 June 2018.a b s t r a c t:
The public concern of harmful effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure, especially with rapid increase in the use of wireless and telecommunication devices, is increasing. Some studies show fetal and developmental abnormalities as the result of radiofrequency radiation exposure. We aimed to investigate possible teratogenic effects of radiofrequency in 915 MHz on mice fetus and protective role of vitamin C. 21 pregnant mice were divided into 3 groups. Control group was in normal condition without any stressor agent.
Exposure group was exposed to 915 MHz RFR (8 h/day for 10 days) and 0.045 mw/cm 2 power density. The exposure plus vitamin C group received 200 mg/kg vitamin C by gavage and was exposed to 915 MHz RFR (8 h/day for 10 days) and 0.045 mw/cm2 power density. The fetus weight, C-R length were measured by digital balance and caliper. Tissues were assessed after staining with H &
E. Our results showed significant increase in fetus weight and C-R length and also enlarged liver, tail deformation in mice fetus in exposure group. Although usage of vitamin C caused significant decrease in mentioned parameters. The outcome of this study confirms the effects of radiofrequency radiation on growth para-meters such as body weight, length and some tissues in mice. fetuses and protective effect of vitamin C. However more studies on non-ionization radiation in different frequencies and severity, during pregnancy are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms of these changes and better protection. & 2018 Published by Elsevier Inc.The effects of radiofrequency radiation on mice fetus weight, length and tissues
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz WiFi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats. 24 pregnant albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, WiFi-exposed, restrained and both WiFi-exposed and restrained groups. Each of WiFi exposure and restraint occurred 2h/day along gestation till parturition. The pups were evaluated for physical development and neuromotor maturation. Moreover, elevated plus maze test, open field activity and stationary beam test were also determined on postnatal days 28, 30 and 31, respectively. After behavioral tests, the rats were anesthetized and their brains were removed for biochemical analysis. Our main findings showed no detrimental effects on gestation progress and outcomes at delivery in all groups. Subsequently, WiFi and restraint, per se and mainly in concert altered physical development of pups with slight differences between genders. Behaviorally, the gestational WiFi irradiation, restraint and especially the associated treatment affected the neuromotor maturation mainly in male progeny. At adult age, we noticed anxiety, motor deficit and exploratory behavior impairment in male offspring co-exposed to WiFi radiation and restraint, and in female progeny subjected to three treatments. The biochemical investigation showed that, all three treatments produced global oxidative stress in brain of both sexes. As for serum biochemistry, phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels were disrupted. Taken together, prenatal WiFi radiation and restraint, alone and combined, provoked several behavioral and biochemical impairments at both juvenile and adult age of the offspring.
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Wi-Fi Signal (2.45 GHz) on Postnatal Development and Behavior in Rat:
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Abstract
The present work investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to radiofrequency waves of conventional WiFi devices on postnatal development and behavior of rat offspring. Ten Wistar albino pregnant rats were randomly assigned to two groups (n=5). The experimental group was exposed to a 2.45GHz WiFi signal for 2h a day throughout gestation period. Control females were subjected to the same conditions as treated group without applying WiFi radiations. After delivery, the offspring was tested for physical and neurodevelopment during its 17 postnatal days (PND), then for anxiety (PND 28) and motricity (PND 40-43), as well as for cerebral oxidative stress response and cholinesterase activity in brain and serum (PND 28 and 43). Our main results showed that the in-utero WiFi exposure impaired offspring neurodevelopment during the first seventeen postnatal days without altering emotional and motor behavior at adult age. Besides, prenatal WiFi exposure induced cerebral oxidative stress imbalance (increase in malondialdehyde level (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and decrease in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities) at 28 but not 43days old, also the exposure affected acethylcolinesterase activity at both cerebral and seric levels. Thus, the current study revealed that maternal exposure to WiFi radiofrequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring by affecting neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity.Postnatal Development and Behavior Effects of In-Utero Exposure of Rats to Radiofrequency Waves...Postnatal Development and Behavior Effects of In-Utero Exposure of Rats to Radiofrequency Waves...
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As reported in that article, having one of these meters installed at your home or workplace raises multiple concerns. While we provided an overview of many of those concerns, this article focuses specifically on the health issues that can be caused by the high-intensity pulsed microwave radiation from what the utility industry calls Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), or Smart meters.
Common symptoms attributed to Smart meter exposure include:
Sleep problems (insomnia, difficulty falling asleep, night waking, nightmares)
Stress, agitation, anxiety, irritability
Headaches, sharp pain or pressure in the head
Ringing in the ears, ear pain, high pitched ringing
Concentration, memory or learning problems
Fatigue, muscle or physical weakness
Disorientation, dizziness, or balance problems
Eye problems, including eye pain, pressure in the eyes,
Cardiac symptoms, heart palpitations, heart arrhythmias, chest pain
Leg cramps, or neuropathy
Arthritis, body pain, sharp, stabbing pains
Nausea, flu-like symptoms
Sinus problems, nose bleeds
Respiratory problems, cough, asthma
Skin rashes, facial flushing
Urinary problems
Endocrine disorders, thyroid problems, diabetes
High blood pressure
Changes in menstrual cycle
Hyperactivity or changes in children’s behavior
Seizures
Recurrence of cancer
It is because of health impacts like these that when Smart meters began rolling out in the U.S., utility companies were forced to provide customers with a safer meter option. Requesting a non-transmitting meter is commonly known as an Opt-Out (more on that below). -
Andrew S. Wright, Lisa A. Sampson, Thomas F. Warner, David M. Mahvi, Fred T. Lee, Jr
Abstract
PURPOSE: To compare microwave (MW) and radiofrequency (RF) ablation in a hepatic porcine model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional animal research committee approval was obtained. Nineteen pigs were divided into groups based on time of sacrifice (group A, immediate; group B, 2 days; group C, 28 days; group D, 28 days). Groups A, B, and C each underwent a combination of RF and MW ablation. Group D underwent either four MW or four RF ablations. Ablation was performed with a prototype MW device (915 Mhz, 40 W, 10 minutes) and a commercial RF system (150 W, 10 minutes, 3-cm deployment). Computed tomography (CT) was performed in groups B and C at 2 days and in group C at 28 days. Group D underwent serial laboratory testing. Specimens were serially sectioned, and short-axis diameter and length of each were measured. The percentage deflection caused by local blood vessels (heat-sink effect) was also measured in group A. Likelihood ratio tests and unpaired t tests were used for statistical analyses as appropriate.
RESULTS: MW ablation zones were longer at days 0, 2, and 28 (P < .05), but short-axis diameter was not different from that with RF ablation at any time point (P > .05). Local blood vessels caused 3.5% ± 5.3 (standard deviation) deflection at MW ablation compared with 26.2% ± 27.9 at RF ablation (P < .05). MW and RF ablation zones were indistinguishable at CT or pathologic evaluation. Laboratory test results were similar between RF ablation–only animals and MW ablation–only animals, with the exception of a slightly higher alkaline phosphatase levels at day 2 in RF ablation–only animals (P < .02).
CONCLUSION: MW and RF ablation zones are similar in pathologic appearance and imaging characteristics. Increased length with MW ablation is likely caused by the length of the radiating segment of the antenna. MW ablation may be less affected by the heat-sink effect that is thought to contribute to local recurrence after RF ablation.© RSNA, 2005
Click here for full article
© RSNA, 2005 -
Electric and magnetic fields are invisible areas of energy (also called radiation) that are produced by electricity, which is the movement of electrons, or current, through a wire.
An electric field is produced by voltage, which is the pressure used to push the electrons through the wire, much like water being pushed through a pipe. As the voltage increases, the electric field increases in strength. Electric fields are measured in volts per meter (V/m).
A magnetic field results from the flow of current through wires or electrical devices and increases in strength as the current increases. The strength of a magnetic field decreases rapidly with increasing distance from its source. Magnetic fields are measured in microteslas (μT, or millionths of a tesla).
Electric fields are produced whether or not a device is turned on, whereas magnetic fields are produced only when current is flowing, which usually requires a device to be turned on. Power lines produce magnetic fields continuously because current is always flowing through them. Electric fields are easily shielded or weakened by walls and other objects, whereas magnetic fields can pass through buildings, living things, and most other materials.
Electric and magnetic fields together are referred to as electromagnetic fields, or EMFs. The electric and magnetic forces in EMFs are caused by electromagnetic radiation. There are two main categories of EMFs:
Higher-frequency EMFs, which include x-rays and gamma rays. These EMFs are in the ionizing radiation part of the electromagnetic spectrum and can damage DNA or cells directly.
Low- to mid-frequency EMFs, which include static fields (electric or magnetic fields that do not vary with time), magnetic fields from electric power lines and appliances, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, and visible light. These EMFs are in the non-ionizing radiation part of the electromagnetic spectrum and are not known to damage DNA or cells directly. Low- to mid-frequency EMFs include extremely low frequency EMFs (ELF-EMFs) and radiofrequency EMFs. ELF-EMFs have frequencies of up to 300 cycles per second, or hertz (Hz), and radiofrequency EMFs range from 3 kilohertz (3 kHz, or 3,000 Hz) to 300 gigahertz (300 GHz, or 300 billion Hz). Radiofrequency radiation is measured in watts per meter squared (W/m2). -
Changing Magnetic Fields
In the preceding section, we learned that a current creates a magnetic field. If nature is symmetrical, then perhaps a magnetic field can create a current. In 1831, some 12 years after the discovery that an electric current generates a magnetic field, English scientist Michael Faraday (1791–1862) and American scientist Joseph Henry (1797–1878) independently demonstrated that magnetic fields can produce currents. The basic process of generating currents with magnetic fields is called induction; this process is also called magnetic induction to distinguish it from charging by induction, which uses the electrostatic Coulomb force.
When Faraday discovered what is now called Faraday’s law of induction, Queen Victoria asked him what possible use was electricity. “Madam,” he replied, “What good is a baby?” Today, currents induced by magnetic fields are essential to our technological society. The electric generator—found in everything from automobiles to bicycles to nuclear power plants—uses magnetism to generate electric current. Other devices that use magnetism to induce currents include pickup coils in electric guitars, transformers of every size, certain microphones, airport security gates, and damping mechanisms on sensitive chemical balances.
One experiment Faraday did to demonstrate magnetic induction was to move a bar magnet through a wire coil and measure the resulting electric current through the wire. A schematic of this experiment is shown in Figure 20.33. He found that current is induced only when the magnet moves with respect to the coil. When the magnet is motionless with respect to the coil, no current is induced in the coil, as in Figure 20.33. In addition, moving the magnet in the opposite direction (compare Figure 20.33 with Figure 20.33) or reversing the poles of the magnet (compare Figure 20.33 with Figure 20.33) results in a current in the opposite direction. -
Electromotive force i.e EMF is an unfamiliar concept to most of the students. But it is closely linked to the more familiar concept of voltage. Understanding the difference between these two and what EMF means gives us the tools we need to solve many problems in physics as well as in electronics. It will also introduce the concept of the internal resistance of a battery. EMF tells about the voltage of the battery without the internal resistance reducing the value. This topic will explain the emf formula with examples. Let us learn it!
What is EMF?
The electromotive force is defined as the potential difference across the terminals of the battery when no current is flowing through it. This might not seem like this as it would make a difference, but every battery has internal resistance. It is similar to the ordinary resistance that reduces the current in a circuit, but it exists within the battery itself.
When no current is flowing through the cell, then this internal resistance will not change anything because there is no current for it to slow down. In this way, the EMF can be thought of as the maximum potential difference across the terminals in an idealized situation.
The EMF or electromotive force is the energy supplied by a battery or a cell per coulomb (Q) of charge passing through it. The magnitude of emf is equal to V (potential difference) across the cell terminals when there is no current flowing through the circuit. -
Diagnosis
When a person has experienced known or probable exposure to a high dose of radiation from an accident or attack, medical personnel take a number of steps to determine the absorbed radiation dose. This information is essential for determining how serious the illness is likely to be, which treatments to use and whether a person is likely to survive.
Information important for determining an absorbed dose includes:
Known exposure. Details about distance from the source of radiation and duration of exposure can help provide a rough estimate of the severity of radiation sickness.
Vomiting and other symptoms. The time between radiation exposure and when vomiting starts is a fairly accurate screening tool to estimate absorbed radiation dose. The shorter the time before vomiting starts, the higher the dose. The severity and timing of other symptoms also may help medical personnel determine the absorbed dose.
Blood tests. Frequent blood tests over several days enable medical personnel to look for drops in disease-fighting white blood cells and unusual changes in the DNA of blood cells. These factors indicate the degree of bone marrow damage, which is determined by the level of an absorbed dose.
Dosimeter. A device called a dosimeter can measure the absorbed dose of radiation but only if it was exposed to the same radiation event as the affected person.
Survey meter. A device such as a Geiger counter can be used to test people to see where in the body radioactive particles are located.
Type of radiation. A part of the larger emergency response to a radioactive accident or attack would include identifying the type of radiation exposure. This information would guide some decisions for treating people with radiation sickness.
Treatment
The treatment goals for radiation sickness are to prevent further radioactive contamination; treat life-threatening injuries, such as from burns and trauma; reduce symptoms; and manage pain. -
Introduction:
Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been hypothesized to increase estrogen levels in women indirectly via melatonin suppression. However, limited information exists as to the interrelationships of EMF exposure, estrogen, and melatonin production in human populations.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate whether residential radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) EMF were associated with estrogen production and to evaluate the relationship between estrone-3-glucuronide (E1G) and 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) production. We studied 71 premenopausal and 48 postmenopausal women living in one of the most highly RF-exposed areas in the United States. In-house RF spot measurements, personal ELF EMF and light exposures, and residential parameters were collected over each 2.5-day participation period. Overnight urine samples were collected on Days 0 and 2 and assayed for E1G and 6-OHMS production.
Results:
No associations between EMF exposures and E1G production were found among premenopausal women. Among postmenopausal women, elevated house-average RF spot-measurements, temporally stable ELF exposures from sunset to bed-time, and increased proximity to the RF transmitters were all associated with increased E1G production (p=0.02, p=0.01, p=0.003, respectively). Day 0 6-OHMS and Day 2 E1G excretion were inversely associated in an analysis of all women (p=0.05). The association between EMF exposures and estrogen production was strongest among postmenopausal women with low 6-OHMS production.
Discussion:
Our findings provide some evidence that EMF exposures influence estrogen production in postmenopausal, but not premenopausal, women and this association was strongest among women with decreased 6-OHMS levels. Further research investigating EMF-induced endocrine disruption in human populations utilizing personal RF exposures and biological monitoring is suggested.
Copyright © 2006 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.Residential Radiofrequency Exposure and Estrogen Production Among Pre- And Postmenopausal Women
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Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) was considered as a non-invasive modality for treatment of osteoporosis while the effects were diverse with EMF parameters in time domain. In present study, we extended analysis of EMF characteristics from time domain to frequency domain, aiming to investigate effects of four kinds of EMF (LP (1–100 Hz), BP (100–3,000 Hz), HP (3,000–50,000 Hz) and AP (1–50,000 Hz)) on ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis (OP) in mice. Forty-eight 3-month-old female BALB/c mice were equally assigned to Sham, OVX, OVX + LP, OVX + BP, OVX + HP and OVX + AP groups (n = 8). After 8-week exposure (3 h/day), LP and BP significantly increased serum bone formation markers and osteogenesis-related gene expressions compared with OVX. Bedsides, LP and BP also slightly increased bone resorption activity compared with OVX, evidenced by increased RANKL/OPG ratio. HP sharply decreased serum bone formation and resporption markers and osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis related gene expressions compared with OVX. AP had accumulative effects of LP, BP and HP, which significantly increased bone formation and decreased bone resporption activity compared with OVX. As a result, LP, BP and HP exposure did not later deterioration of bone mass, microarchitecture and mechanical strength in OVX mice with OP. However, AP stimulation attenuated OVX-induced bone loss.
Introduction
Osteoporosis (OP) is a serious health problem that is especially related to aging in postmenopausal women, which is characterized by skeletal fragility and microarchitectural deterioration1, 2. By 2050, the worldwide incidence of hip fracture in women is expected to increase by 310%, mainly due to the ageing of the worldwide population3. Bone remodeling is a continuous process between bone resorption (activity of osteoclasts (OCs)) and formation (activity of osteoblasts (OBs)). The absence of estrogen induced by the menopause increases the formation and the activity of OCs, which play key roles in bone loss, and OCs ultimately increase the risk of menopausal OP4. Therefore, inhibiting the formation and function of OCs and enhance the formation and function of OBs are important therapeutic strategies. Various pharmacological treatments are available for postmenopausal OP, such as estrogen replacement therapy, bisphosphonate and calcitonin5, 6. However, side effects occur when these are used excessively, such as breast cancer or endometrial cancer6, 7. An alternative therapy which is worthy of consideration in the treatment of OP is EMF, which has been investigated as a noninvasive alternative method8–11. It has been reported that EMF can increase bone mineral density (BMD) in OP patients12, prevent bone loss in OVX induced OP in vivo 9, 13, and affect bone metabolism in vitro 14. However, the efficacy of this modality remains uncertain currently15, 16. Moreover, the studies also showed us the conflicting results16, 17. The different results are usually explained by different intensity, frequency, waveform and duration of EMF. Therefore, can we discard these numerous and complicated parameters to find other substitutes to accurately and simply describe the EMF, aiming to increase the repeatability and reproducibility of the experiments? There is a report implied that the dominant influence of EMF in OBs is not related to variables of EMF those expressed in the time domain, extension of the analysis to EMF characteristics expressed in the frequency domain should be encouraged18. Therefore, focusing on the frequency spectrum of EMF might facilitate to investigate the possible mechanisms of EMF on bone healing. There are good evidences that low frequency EMF can produce resonance interactions that influence ion movements through membrane channels and other biological phenomena when the frequency of EMF matches cyclotron resonance frequencies of critical ions19–21. Investigators have suggested that the physical mechanism underlying these effects is ion cyclotron resonance (ICR)22–24. According to ICR model, the resonant frequencies of many biologically important ions, such as Na+, K+ and Ca2+, are intermittent frequency points and fall within 1–100 Hz23, 25. Aparting from the fundamental frequency of resonant frequencies, when the frequency of EMF is equal to higher harmonics of the cyclotron frequencies, the biological resonant effectiveness might also be attained26, 27. Moreover, these higher harmonics of the cyclotron frequencies of the biologically relevant ions is blow 3,000 Hz24. In addition, high frequency EMF is also capable of inducing osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells28. Therefore, we designed four kinds of EMF with different frequency spectrum bands (1–100 Hz, 100–3,000 Hz, 3,000–50,000 Hz and 1–50,000 Hz), among which 1–100 Hz and 100–3,000 Hz are designated as ICR frequency bands.
Some investigators have demonstrated that an OVX mouse could be used as an experimental animal model of postmenopausal OP29. This study aimed to investigate the effects of four kinds of EMF with different frequency bands on bone mass, microarchitecture and strength in OVX mice with OP. -
Abstract
Objective
To comprehensively analyze the relationship between exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) and the development of female breast cancer.
Methods
Reports of case-control studies published from 1990 to 2010 were analyzed. The quality effect model was chosen to calculate total odds ratio (OR) depending on the data in studies and quality scores. Subgroup analyses were also performed by the situation of menopause, estrogenic receptor and exposure assessment respectively.
Results
For all 23 studies the OR was 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.13, for estrogen receptor positive subgroup,OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03–1.20; for premenopausal subgroup, OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.00–1.23. The results of other subgroups showed no significant association between ELF-EMF and female breast cancer.
Conclusion
ELF-EMFs might be related to an increased risk for female breast cancer, especially for premenopausal and ER+ females. However, it's necessary to undertake better epidemiologic researches to verify the association between ELF-EMF and female breast cancer due to the limits of current study, especially the one on exposure assessment. -
Understanding Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs)
To delve into the potential connection between electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and autism, it's important to first understand what EMFs are and the common sources from which they emanate.
What are Electromagnetic Fields?
Electromagnetic fields are a form of non-ionizing radiation that exists in our environment. They are created by the movement of electrically charged particles and consist of electric and magnetic components that oscillate at different frequencies. EMFs are categorized into two main types: extremely low frequency (ELF) and radiofrequency (RF).
ELF EMFs are generated by common household appliances, power lines, and electrical wiring. RF EMFs, on the other hand, are emitted by wireless devices such as cell phones, Wi-Fi routers, and Bluetooth devices. -
EMF stands for electromagnetic field. It is a type of radiation that is emitted by electronic devices such as cell phones, Wi-Fi routers, and other wireless devices. There has been a growing concern among some people that exposure to EMFs can cause autism. In this article, we will explore the link between EMFs and autism.
First, it is important to understand what autism is. Autism, or autism spectrum disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction, communication, and behavior. It is a spectrum disorder, which means that there is a wide range of symptoms and severity. Autism is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Now, let's look at the research on the link between EMFs and autism. There have been several studies that have investigated this topic, but the results have been mixed. Some studies have suggested a link between EMFs and autism, while others have not found any significant association.
One study published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders in 2014 found that children with autism had higher levels of EMF exposure compared to typically developing children. However, the researchers noted that this could be due to other factors such as the children's use of electronic devices.
Another study published in the journal Scientific Reports in 2018 found no association between prenatal exposure to EMFs and the risk of autism. The researchers analyzed data from over 34,000 mother-child pairs and found that there was no significant association between EMF exposure during pregnancy and the risk of autism in children.
These studies are not conclusive and more research is needed to fully understand the link between EMFs and autism. However, it is clear that the evidence is not strong enough to suggest a causal relationship between the two. -
On This Page
What are electric and magnetic fields?
What are common sources of non-ionizing EMFs?
Why are non-ionizing EMFs studied in relation to cancer?
What have studies shown about possible associations between non-ionizing EMFs and cancer in children?
What have studies shown about possible associations between non-ionizing EMFs and cancer in adults?
What do expert organizations conclude about the cancer risk from EMFs?Where can people find additional information on EMFs?
What are electric and magnetic fields?
Electric and magnetic fields are invisible areas of energy (also called radiation) that are produced by electricity, which is the movement of electrons, or current, through a wire.
An electric field is produced by voltage, which is the pressure used to push the electrons through the wire, much like water being pushed through a pipe. As the voltage increases, the electric field increases in strength. Electric fields are measured in volts per meter (V/m).
A magnetic field results from the flow of current through wires or electrical devices and increases in strength as the current increases. The strength of a magnetic field decreases rapidly with increasing distance from its source. Magnetic fields are measured in microteslas (μT, or millionths of a tesla).
Electric fields are produced whether or not a device is turned on, whereas magnetic fields are produced only when current is flowing, which usually requires a device to be turned on. Power lines produce magnetic fields continuously because current is always flowing through them. Electric fields are easily shielded or weakened by walls and other objects, whereas magnetic fields can pass through buildings, living things, and most other materials.
Electric and magnetic fields together are referred to as electromagnetic fields, or EMFs. The electric and magnetic forces in EMFs are caused by electromagnetic radiation. There are two main categories of EMFs:
Higher-frequency EMFs, which include x-rays and gamma rays. These EMFs are in the ionizing radiation part of the electromagnetic spectrum and can damage DNA or cells directly.
Low- to mid-frequency EMFs, which include static fields (electric or magnetic fields that do not vary with time), magnetic fields from electric power lines and appliances, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, and visible light. These EMFs are in the non-ionizing radiation part of the electromagnetic spectrum and are not known to damage DNA or cells directly. Low- to mid-frequency EMFs include extremely low frequency EMFs (ELF-EMFs) and radiofrequency EMFs. ELF-EMFs have frequencies of up to 300 cycles per second, or hertz (Hz), and radiofrequency EMFs range from 3 kilohertz (3 kHz, or 3,000 Hz) to 300 gigahertz (300 GHz, or 300 billion Hz). Radiofrequency radiation is measured in watts per meter squared (W/m2). -
Electric and magnetic fields occur naturally and also come from human-made sources. Scientists and oversight agencies generally agree that low-frequency EMFs pose little danger to human health.
Most of us are used to the electronic conveniences of modern life. But few of us are aware of the possible health risks presented by the gadgets that make our world work.
Our power lines, cellphones, microwaves, Wi-Fi routers, computers, and other appliances send out a stream of invisible energy waves. Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are produced anywhere electricity is used, including at home and in the workplace.
Some experts are concerned about potential health effects from these fields. But should we be worried?
While most researchers don’t believe most EMFs are dangerous, there are still some scientists who question the safety of EMF exposure. Many say there hasn’t been enough research into understanding whether EMFs are safe. Let’s take a closer look. -
Introduction - power lines
Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are invisible areas of energy, often referred to as Radiation, that are associated with the use of electrical power and various forms of natural and man-made lighting. EMFs are typically grouped into one of two categories by their frequency:
Non-ionizing: low-level radiation which is generally perceived as harmless to humans
Ionizing: high-level radiation which has the potential for cellular and DNA damage.
Can EMFs be harmful to my health?
During the 1990s, most EMF research focused on extremely low frequency exposures stemming from conventional power sources, such as power lines, electrical substations, or home appliances. While some of these studies showed a possible link between EMF field strength and an increased risk for childhood Leukemia, their findings indicated that such an association was weak. The few studies that have been conducted on adults show no evidence of a link between EMF exposure and adult cancers, such as leukemia, brain cancer, and breast cancer.
Now, in the age of cellular telephones, wireless routers.